Residency and Citizenship Programs by Jurisdiction
The residency and citizenship programs each jurisdiction actually publishes — program name and type, whether it is open or sunset, the stated minimum, processing time, presence requirement, and how tax residency is tested.
Short answer
Jurisdictions publish named programs — residency by investment, citizenship by investment, digital-nomad and retiree visas — each with its own stated status, minimum, processing time, presence requirement, and relationship to tax residency. This matrix records what each jurisdiction publishes about its own programs, including whether a program has recently changed or been sunset.
The matrix
| State | Program Name | Program Type | Program Status | Minimum Investment | Processing Time | Physical Presence Requirement | Tax Residency Test | Digital Nomad Or Retiree Visa | Recent Change Or Sunset |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cook Islandschecked 2026-09-13 | Resident Investor Visa and Permit — one category within the Cook Islands' 'WORK AND INVESTOR' visa/permit group under the Immigration Regulations 2023. No dedicated golden-visa, citizenship-by-investment, or residency-by-investment scheme exists; this is a standard business/enterprise investor visa. | vetted residency | open — actively listed with a current online application system (asypx.mfai.gov.ck) and a stated fee (NZD$960.00) as of the fetch/consolidation date below. | Minimum capital injection for foreign investment approval (a precondition of the Resident Investor route): $1,000,000.00 for Rarotonga; $500,000.00 for the other islands. | BTIB investment-approval stage (a precondition of the Resident Investor route): standard applications processed within 30 working days; express service available for NZD$850 with a 5-working-day turnaround. Covers the investment-registration precondition only — the subsequent MFAI Resident Investor Visa issuance step does not itself publish a separate SLA (re-confirmed this session). | Not yet researched | A natural person is resident in the Cook Islands if (a) the person's home is in the Cook Islands, AND (b) the person is personally present in the Cook Islands for more than 183 days in a 12-month period (Income Tax Act 1997, s.82(1), as substituted by the Income Tax Amendment Act 2013, effective 1 January 2014). | No dedicated 'digital nomad' or 'retiree' visa category exists. The full visa/permit taxonomy on this page is: RESIDENT (spouse, child); WORK AND INVESTOR (specialist worker, government worker, international worker, resident investor); INTERNATIONAL CHILD/ADULT STUDENT/RESEARCH/INTERN; VISITORS (NZ visitor, international visitor, long-term visitor); SPECIAL (spouse, entrant). The closest adjacent track is the Long-term Visitor Visa and Permit (stay beyond 8 months for non-NZ nationals / 12 months for NZ nationals at any one time, no work permitted, requires health insurance) — not investment-linked and not retiree-specific. | All visa/permit categories on this page, including Resident Investor, are cited against the 'Cook Islands Regulations 2023' (PDF filename indicates dated 18/04/2023) as the current in-force instrument — no reference to any superseding regulation was found on the page, and the page's own footer copyright is dated 2026, consistent with these 2023 regulations still being current as of the fetch date. This is inferred from the consistency of the page's own citations, not from an explicit 'no changes since' statement. |
| St. Kitts & Nevischecked 2026-09-13 | St. Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment Programme ("the Citizenship Programme"), established 1984 — the world's first citizenship-by-investment program. Administered by the Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU), a statutory corporation, under the Citizenship Unit Act 2024. | CBI | open — actively accepting applications across all four investment routes as of the fetch date. Note: a homepage banner ("Notice of Transition and Temporary Processing Delay") describes a CIU office relocation with a temporary processing slowdown, framed as resolving once the new office opens; this is an operational disruption, not a program suspension. | Four routes, all under the Citizenship Unit Act 2024: (1) Sustainable Island State Contribution (SISC) — non-refundable contribution of US$250,000 for a main applicant or family of up to 4, plus US$25,000 per additional dependant under 18 and US$50,000 per additional dependant 18+, plus due-diligence fees of US$10,000 (main applicant) and US$7,500 (each dependant 16+). (2) Public Benefit Option (PBO) — identical US$250,000/$25,000/$50,000 contribution structure and identical due-diligence fees, paid instead into an Approved Public Benefit Project (real estate on State land, industry development, or a project with substantial local impact). (3) Developer's Real Estate Investment — minimum US$325,000 in a government-approved development (resaleable only after a 7-year hold), same due-diligence fees, plus post-approval fees (main applicant US$25,000; spouse US$15,000; dependant under 18 US$10,000; dependant 18+ US$15,000); the site's own FAQ separately describes a US$600,000 full-ownership alternative under this same option. (4) Private Real Estate Investment — minimum US$325,000 for a condominium unit/share, or US$600,000 for a single-family private home, both subject to the same 7-year resale restriction, due-diligence fees, and post-approval fees as the developer's-investment route. | Within 120-180 days of the Unit's acknowledgment of a submitted application, the CIU advises whether it is approved-in-principle, denied, or delayed for cause (identical wording on both the SISC and Public Benefit Option pages). Separately, the real-estate-route FAQ gives a looser end-to-end estimate of approximately 3 to 6 months for the full real-estate investment process including the property purchase itself. | None. The real-estate-route FAQ states explicitly: "St. Kitts and Nevis does not have a residency requirement to maintain citizenship... Once granted, citizenship is permanent, and you are not required to reside in the country." The SISC page separately lists "No mandatory travel or residency requirements" as a stated program feature. All routes require the main applicant (and dependants 16+, if the Unit deems necessary) to attend an interview, which may be conducted virtually rather than in person. | General statutory test (independent of the CBI programme -- ruling tax-residency-test-scope): St Kitts and Nevis levies no personal/individual income tax. Per the Inland Revenue Department's own official page: 'The Income Tax Act was passed in 1966 and came into force on the first day of January 1967. It made provisions for income tax to be charged on both individuals and corporate entities. Income tax on individuals was abolished in 1980.' Corporate income tax alone remains, under the Income Tax Act Cap. 20.22. With no individual income tax, no day-count/domicile/centre-of-vital-interests tax-residency test applies to individuals for income-tax purposes. | none | (1) The CIU's current governing statute is the Citizenship Unit Act 2024, cited in every page footer — a legislative update relative to the program's 1984 founding era. (2) A National Biometric Enrolment and Passport Modernisation Programme takes effect from 14 April 2026: all citizens who obtained citizenship through this Programme, including dependants and children, must enrol, with a compliance deadline of 31 July 2027 — a new retroactive obligation on existing citizens, not just new applicants. (3) The homepage carries a "Notice of Transition and Temporary Processing Delay" describing a CIU office relocation completing "Monday, March 10th" (year not stated on the page), after which "processing times will return to normal" — a temporary operational disruption, not a program suspension. (4) Source-internal inconsistency worth flagging: the homepage's SISC summary states the contribution supports "seven development priorities," while the SISC-dedicated page states "five development priorities" and lists exactly five named pillars — most likely a stale homepage copy after the SISC framework was revised down to five pillars; the five-pillar figure (from the dedicated page) is the more specific and more likely current source. |
| Liechtensteinchecked 2026-09-13 | Residence permit without gainful employment ('Aufenthaltsbewilligung (B) — Wohnsitz ohne Erwerbstätigkeit'), granted under Art. 19 in conjunction with Art. 22 of the Personenfreizügigkeitsgesetz (PFZG, LGBl. 2009 Nr. 348) for EEA/Swiss nationals, or Art. 20 in conjunction with Art. 26 of the Ausländergesetz (AuG, LGBl. 2008 Nr. 311) for non-EEA/non-Swiss nationals. No dedicated 'golden visa' or investment-threshold product exists — this is Liechtenstein's sole pathway to residence without local employment, gated by a quarterly government quota decision rather than an automatic investment grant. | vetted residency | open — the checklist is served live from llv.li's current application path with no closure/suspension language; the government continues to decide on applications once per quarter. | Not an investment threshold — a proof-of-means requirement so that no social assistance is needed. EEA/Swiss nationals: social-insurance entitlements and/or ongoing private-law claims (e.g. maintenance, or a lease with a minimum 5-year term) of at least CHF 2,600/month; OR an unconditional, irrevocable bank guarantee from an EEA-domiciled bank, CHF 156,000, 5-year term; OR (if employed abroad) an employment contract exceeding one year or of indefinite duration. Non-EEA/non-Swiss nationals: an unconditional, irrevocable bank guarantee from a Liechtenstein-domiciled bank, CHF 156,000, 5-year term — no lower-cost alternative documented for this group. Separately, and independent of which residence-permit route is used, a qualifying new or returning resident may elect expenditure-based taxation ('Besteuerung nach dem Aufwand', Steuergesetz Art. 30–34): tax is charged at 25% of the person's total living expenditure (Art. 32–33 SteG) instead of ordinary wealth/income tax — no minimum CHF floor is stated in the fetched text; the Steuerverwaltung (tax administration) assesses the application (Art. 31) and fixes the amount case-by-case. | Not yet researched | Any gainful employment within Liechtenstein is prohibited for a B-permit-without-employment holder and can trigger revocation of the permit. The permit entitles residence in Liechtenstein exceeding 12 months. The full 1-page checklist was reviewed and states no separate minimum-days-present-per-year obligation to retain the permit beyond the employment prohibition — a confirmed absence, not a gap. | Under the Steuergesetz (SteG): 'Wohnsitz' (domicile) is the place where a person abides with the intent of permanent residence (Art. 2 Abs. 1 lit. b). 'Gewöhnlicher Aufenthalt' (habitual abode) is a place where a person stays other than temporarily — an uninterrupted stay exceeding six months is always treated as habitual abode from its outset, short interruptions disregarded; a stay for education, a care/treatment institution, or a cure/holiday stay of up to twelve months establishes neither habitual abode nor domicile (Art. 2 Abs. 1 lit. c). A natural person is subject to UNLIMITED tax liability (worldwide wealth and income) if they have domicile or habitual abode inland (Art. 6 Abs. 1 lit. a); liability begins the day domicile/habitual abode is taken up and ends on death or departure abroad (Art. 7). | No visa product distinctly labelled 'digital nomad' or 'retiree' exists. The B-permit-without-gainful-employment route (see program_name) is the only channel for a person living off foreign-sourced income/assets without local employment, and is equally available regardless of age or remote-work status — confirmed by the checklist's own scope language and the llv.li employment-permit index, which names no separate nomad/retiree category. | Not yet researched |
| Cypruschecked 2026-09-13 | Immigration Permit for Investors under the expedited procedure, Regulation 6(2) of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations (Category F) — issued by the Minister of Interior / Deputy Ministry of Migration and International Protection following notification to the Council of Ministers. Governing criteria document: '4th Revision, May 2023', posted to gov.cy 29 December 2025. | golden visa | Open. The operative recent condition is that new-application criteria remain those of the '4th Revision, May 2023' document (posted to gov.cy 29 December 2025) with no closure/suspension notice on the page. This residency-by-investment permit is a DIFFERENT, still-open scheme from Cyprus's former Citizenship-by-Investment Programme (CBI), which was terminated in 2020 (see recent_change_or_sunset). | At least €300,000 in ONE of: (A) purchase of a house/apartment from a development company, first sale, ≥€300,000 plus VAT; (B) other real estate (offices/shops/hotels/related developments, first-sale or resale) totalling €300,000; (C) an initial investment or share-capital increase of €300,000 in a Cyprus-registered, Cyprus-operating company with a proven physical presence employing at least 5 people; (D) €300,000 in units of a Cyprus Collective Investment Organisation (AIF/AIFLNP/RAIF) whose own investments are held within the Republic. PLUS a personal secured annual income of at least €50,000 from abroad (salaries/wages, pensions, share dividends, bank-deposit interest, rents, etc.), increasing by €15,000 for a spouse and €10,000 per dependent minor child (spouse's income may be aggregated). Investment funds must be shown to have been transferred to Cyprus from abroad and paid from the applicant's (or spouse's) own bank account directly to the seller's Cyprus-institution account. Disposing of the investment without an immediate like-for-like (or greater) replacement triggers permit cancellation under Regulation 6. | Approximately two (2) months from the date of submission of the completed application. | No minimum days-present-per-year or minimum-visit-frequency is stated anywhere in the governing criteria document. A distinct provision applies instead: the Immigration Permit ceases to be valid if the holder and dependents acquire permanent residence abroad OR are absent from Cyprus for a continuous period of two years ('Loss of the permanent residence right'). | 183-day rule: an individual present in Cyprus for more than 183 days in a tax year is Cyprus tax resident (day of arrival counts as a day in Cyprus; day of departure counts as a day outside Cyprus; same-day arrival+departure counts as a day in Cyprus; same-day departure+arrival counts as a day outside Cyprus). 60-day rule: an individual who does not meet the 183-day test may still be Cyprus tax resident for a year if ALL of the following hold: (i) present in Cyprus at least 60 days in the tax year; (ii) not resident in any other single country for more than 183 days that year; (iii) carries on a business in Cyprus and/or is employed in Cyprus and/or holds an office in a Cyprus tax-resident company; (iv) maintains a permanent residence in Cyprus, owned or rented. Ceasing the business/employment during the year ends 60-day-rule residence for that year. | Cyprus operates a separate 'Cyprus Digital Nomad Visa' scheme (Council of Ministers Decision 15 Oct 2021; ceiling raised to 500 permits 3 Mar 2022, remains 500 as of this fetch — NOT a '1,000/year' figure). Requires minimum net income EUR 3,500/month. First permit valid 1 year, renewable up to 2 further years; family members (spouse/civil-union partner, minor children) included without right to work. Examination time 5-7 weeks. Fees: EUR 70 issuance/renewal + EUR 70 Aliens' Registry initial registration. Presence exceeding 183 days total in a tax year triggers Cyprus tax residency if not tax resident elsewhere. | The current PR-by-investment criteria document is its '4th Revision, May 2023' (posted to gov.cy 29 December 2025), implying at least 3 prior revisions since original enactment; the content of each earlier revision was not reviewed this session. For orientation only, NOT independently primary-verified this session: Cyprus's separate Citizenship-by-Investment Programme (CBI) — a different scheme from this residency permit — was terminated effective 1 November 2020 by Council of Ministers decision following a corruption scandal; this PR-by-investment scheme was unaffected and remains open. |
| Jerseychecked 2026-09-13 | High Value Residency (HVR) programme — residence granted via a 1(1)(k) housing consent (pre-2013 terminology) or 'Entitled' status under Regulation 2(1)(e) of the Control of Housing and Work (Jersey) Law 2012, taxed as a 'high value resident' under Article 135A of the Income Tax (Jersey) Law 1961. Administered by the Government of Jersey / Locate Jersey; has operated since the 1970s. | tax-cap residency | Open. A minimum annual tax contribution of £250,000 under Article 135A has applied to new HVR grants from 14 July 2023. Separately, NOT independently confirmed this session: a States Assembly proposition (P.19/2026) reportedly proposed capping new 'Entitled'-status grants under Regulation 2(1)(e) to 15/year on a rolling 5-year basis, requesting implementation by end of March 2026 — statesassembly.je returned HTTP 403 on fetch this session, so its adoption/amendment/rejection status is unconfirmed and not adopted as a sourced fact. | No property/asset investment threshold as such — a minimum ANNUAL TAX CONTRIBUTION under Article 135A of the Income Tax (Jersey) Law 1961. The statute itself charges income above a 'prescribed limit' at a separate 'prescribed rate' (the exact current figures are fixed by subordinate fiscal instrument, not stated as a number in the Law's own consolidated text at Art. 135A). The Government of Jersey's own HVR guidance states this currently requires a minimum tax contribution of £250,000 for status granted on or after 14 July 2023, and describes applicants as having annual worldwide earnings 'well above £1.25 million, guaranteed for at least 10 years', typically alongside purchase of a high-value Jersey property. | Not yet researched | Not yet researched | General Jersey tax-residence rules (day of arrival AND day of departure both counted): a person moving to Jersey permanently, or intending to live there 5 years or more, is resident and ordinarily resident from their arrival date. A regular visitor averaging more than 90 nights per year over a 4-year period becomes resident from year 5. A person present under an employment contract of less than 4 years is resident but not ordinarily resident. A short-term business visitor working in Jersey 60 days or fewer in a year (cumulative day-count, including days of arrival and departure) is not liable to Jersey income tax on that account. Under the UK-Jersey double-taxation arrangement, a UK resident present in Jersey for an aggregate of 183 days or fewer in a period is not treated as Jersey-taxable by virtue of that presence alone. | none | Article 135A's own amendment history (per the consolidated Law's marginal notes) shows successive substitutions/insertions: substituted by L.2/2014; 135A(1)/(2)/(3) substituted by L.14/2018; 135A(2A)/(3A) inserted by L.14/2018, amended by L.13/2023; 135A(2B) inserted by L.14/2018; 135A(2C)/(3B) inserted by L.13/2023. This 2023 amendment set corresponds to the 14 July 2023 effective date (per the gov.je HVR page) from which new HVR grants require the current, higher prescribed-limit tax contribution. NOT independently confirmed via a reachable primary source this session: mandatory independent taxation for married couples including HVRs reportedly took effect from year of assessment 2026 (secondary report); a States Assembly proposition, P.19/2026, reportedly proposed capping new Regulation 2(1)(e) 'Entitled' grants to 15/year (statesassembly.je returned HTTP 403 this session — adoption status unconfirmed). |
| Switzerlandchecked 2026-09-13 | Residence permit for significant cantonal fiscal interests (Art. 30 Abs. 1 Bst. b AIG; Art. 32 Abs. 1 Bst. c VZAE), typically combined with cantonal lump-sum ('expenditure-based') taxation (Besteuerung nach dem Aufwand / Aufwandbesteuerung / forfait fiscal). Switzerland has no single federal 'golden visa'; this discretionary cantonal route is the closest analog. A separate retiree residence permit also exists (see digital_nomad_or_retiree_visa). | tax-cap residency | Open | Not an investment — a minimum ANNUAL taxable-expenditure basis (Mindestbemessungsgrundlage) of CHF 435,000 (federal floor, Art. 14 DBG / Verordnung SR 642.123), or 7x annual rental value, or 3x annual boarding-price for lodging+meals, WHICHEVER IS HIGHEST; an alternative wealth-basis of 20x the income basis also applies (Canton Uri). Third-country nationals granted the permit on 'significant cantonal fiscal interest' grounds face a materially HIGHER federally-mandated minimum than this EU/EFTA baseline (exact third-country floor not stated in the fetched documents — see typed_unknown note below). This funds a recurring annual lump-sum tax bill, not a one-time investment. | Not yet researched | Applicant (and, for the fiscal-interest route, both spouses) must relocate their 'Lebensmittelpunkt' (center of life) to Switzerland and reside there predominantly ('sich mehrheitlich in der Schweiz aufhalten'). For the retiree route, the same domicile-in-Switzerland requirement applies, and permit renewal is refused if it is later established that the center of life is not actually in Switzerland. | General statutory test (independent of the lump-sum-taxation residence route -- ruling tax-residency-test-scope): a natural person is taxable on the basis of personal attachment (persoenliche Zugehoerigkeit) if they have their tax-law domicile (steuerrechtlicher Wohnsitz) or tax-law sojourn (steuerrechtlicher Aufenthalt) in Switzerland (DBG Art. 3 Abs. 1). A tax-law domicile exists where a person resides with the intention of permanent settlement, or where federal law assigns a special statutory domicile (Abs. 2). Independent of domicile, a tax-law sojourn exists where a person, notwithstanding temporary interruption: (a) stays at least 30 days AND pursues gainful employment; or (b) stays at least 90 days without pursuing gainful employment (Abs. 3). No domicile/sojourn arises for a person domiciled abroad who is in Switzerland solely to attend an educational institution or for treatment in a care facility (Abs. 4). | Yes — separate retiree residence permit (Art. 28 AIG / Art. 25 VZAE): minimum age 55; 'special personal ties to Switzerland' required (independent, non-family-based ties — mere property ownership or economic ties is explicitly insufficient per case law); sufficient financial means guaranteed for life, exceeding the threshold that would qualify a Swiss national for supplementary welfare benefits (Ergänzungsleistungen); no gainful employment anywhere (Switzerland or abroad) except managing one's own assets; center of life in Switzerland; SEM approval required. No dedicated 'digital nomad' visa exists. | Federal Administrative Court ruling BVGer F-4448/2023 (11 June 2024) held that granting fiscal-interest residence to a sanctioned Russian national purely on fiscal grounds would harm Switzerland's international standing, following Switzerland's adoption of EU sanctions packages over the Russia-Ukraine war — signals materially tightened practice for sanctioned nationals on this specific route, though the underlying legal basis (Art. 32 VZAE) is unchanged. |
| Monacochecked 2026-09-13 | No distinct investment-linked residency, golden-visa, or citizenship-by-investment program exists in Monaco. The applicable route for any foreign national (including high-net-worth relocants) is the ordinary Carte de séjour (residence permit) regime, administered by the Section des Résidents, Direction de la Sûreté Publique, with four permit categories: 'temporaire', 'ordinaire', 'privilégié', and 'conjoint de monégasque'. | vetted residency — nearest enum fit. Not CBI/RBI/golden visa (no fixed investment threshold — the accommodation+financial-means test is discretionary/case-by-case, per Section des Résidents review); not 'tax-cap residency' since Monaco levies zero personal income tax on residents generally regardless of this permit; not 'none' since a real, usable high-net-worth relocation route exists. | open — presented as the Principality's standard, currently operative residence-permit route across all 4 categories; no suspension or closure indicated on either fetched official page. | No government-set minimum figure. Applicants must show "sufficient financial resources" via one of: salary; professional/business income; sufficient savings (the amount deemed sufficient is determined by the Monégasque bank, which issues an attestation); or means provided by a parent, spouse, or cohabiting partner. | Not yet researched | No day-count physical-presence-per-year requirement is stated for MAINTAINING a 'temporaire' card once issued. Category eligibility is instead duration-of-PRIOR-residence-based: 'temporaire' requires no prior residence (first-time residents); 'ordinaire' requires 3 cumulative years of residence before issuance; 'privilégié' requires 10 cumulative years of residence with actual ('effective') presence on Monegasque territory (reducible to 1 year in particular cases per the page's own parenthetical); 'conjoint de monégasque' requires the applicant to be the spouse of a Monegasque national, resident in the Principality for at least 1 year. The triggering condition for needing any carte de séjour at all is intending to stay more than 3 months per year in Monaco or to establish one's home there. | Ordonnance Souveraine n° 6.208 du 20 décembre 2016 (as rendered by legimonaco.mc, definitional article) defines a Monaco tax-resident natural person, verbatim: 'la ou les personnes physiques qui ont leur lieu de séjour principal sur le territoire de la Principauté, ou leur foyer, ou y ont le centre principal de leurs activités' — the natural person(s) who have EITHER (a) their principal place of residence on the territory of the Principality, OR (b) their home (foyer) there, OR (c) the principal center of their activities there — three independent, alternative tests, subject to bilateral tax conventions. This test exists for administrative/treaty purposes (residence certificates, double-tax-treaty application, AEOI/CRS reporting) even though Monaco itself levies NO personal income tax on residents generally — French nationals are the standing exception, taxed by France under the 1963 Franco-Monegasque tax convention regardless of Monaco residence. | none — no distinct digital-nomad or retiree-specific visa/permit track exists. All applicants (retirees, remote workers, employees, business owners) apply through the SAME four-category ordinary Carte de séjour regime; category eligibility turns on duration of prior Monaco residence, not on occupation, employment status, or income source. Both fetched government pages reviewed in full with no separate nomad/retiree provision found. | Not yet researched |
| Italychecked 2026-09-13 | Investor Visa for Italy (Visto per Investitori), administered by the Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy (MIMIT) via the dedicated investorvisa.mise.gov.it portal. | golden visa | open — the portal is an active application platform. The only scoped restriction found in the fetched content is a visa-eligibility SUSPENSION for Russian and Belarusian citizens (from March 2024), implementing EU Council Recommendation (2022) 2028 — a targeted carve-out, not a program-wide closure. | Four alternative qualifying categories: (1) EUR 2,000,000 in Italian government bonds; (2) EUR 500,000 in an Italian limited company (equity/corporate bonds); (3) EUR 250,000 in an Italian innovative startup; (4) EUR 1,000,000 donation to a philanthropic initiative. | Within 30 days of the applicant sending complete documentation, the applicant is notified of the outcome of the Nulla Osta (certificate of no impediment) application. | none — continuity-of-presence obligations do not apply once the investor residence permit has been obtained; explicit statutory carve-out from the ordinary long-term-permit renewal rules. | TUIR Art. 2, comma 2 (as substituted by D.Lgs. 27 dicembre 2023, n. 209, Art. 1, effective from tax year 2024), quoted verbatim in Agenzia delle Entrate Circolare N. 20/E (4 novembre 2024), p.6: 'Ai fini delle imposte sui redditi si considerano residenti le persone che per la maggior parte del periodo d'imposta, considerando anche le frazioni di giorno, hanno la residenza ai sensi del codice civile o il domicilio nel territorio dello Stato ovvero sono ivi presenti. Ai fini dell'applicazione della presente disposizione, per domicilio si intende il luogo in cui si sviluppano, in via principale, le relazioni personali e familiari della persona. Salvo prova contraria, si presumono altresì residenti le persone iscritte per la maggior parte del periodo di imposta nelle anagrafi della popolazione residente.' English: 'For income tax purposes, persons are considered resident who, for the greater part of the tax period, counting also fractions of a day, have their civil-law residence or domicile in the territory of the State, or are present there. Domicile means the place where the person's personal and family relations principally develop. Absent proof to the contrary, persons registered for the greater part of the tax period in the resident-population registries (Anagrafe) are also presumed resident.' Four alternative, disjunctive tests, each gated by the same majority-of-tax-period threshold, stated at p.7 as 183 days in an ordinary year or 184 in a leap year. | Yes — a separate Digital Nomad / Remote Worker visa exists, established by Interministerial Decree of 29 February 2024 (published in the Official Gazette of 4 April 2024), implementing Art. 27-bis of Legislative Decree 286/98 (TUI). Valid for up to 365 days; holder must apply for a residence permit at the Questura within 8 working days of entering Italy (provisional nulla osta not required for this category, per Art. 40). | From 1 January 2024, Legislative Decree 27 December 2023, n. 209 replaced TUIR Art. 2, comma 2 with the four-criteria tax-residency test quoted in tax_residency_test (superseding the pre-2024 test); Agenzia delle Entrate issued Circolare N. 20/E (4 November 2024) with operational clarifications for tax offices. This is a general tax-residency-law change, not a change to the Investor Visa program's own investment thresholds — no change to the EUR 2M/500K/250K/1M investment figures was found in the fetched investorvisa.mise.gov.it content this pass. |
| Greecechecked 2026-09-13 | Golden Visa — investor residence-permit program under Greece's Migration Code, base law 4251/2014 (Art. 20; also referenced via Art. 132 of L.4251/2014 and Art. 38 of L.4546/2018 on the migration.gov.gr procedural page), most recently amended on the investment-threshold dimension by Law 5100/2024, Article 64. | golden visa | open — labeled 'Διαρκές' (ongoing/permanent, i.e. not a time-limited pilot) on the official housing-policy portal. | Real-estate investment thresholds under L.4251/2014 Art. 20 as amended by L.5100/2024 Art. 64, verbatim (Greek): 'αυξάνεται το όριο ελάχιστης επένδυσης σε ακίνητα για την απόκτηση golden visa από 500.000€ σε 800.000€ σε ολόκληρη την Περιφέρεια Αττικής, την ΠΕ Θεσσαλονίκης, τη Μύκονο, τη Σαντορίνη καθώς και όλα τα νησιά με πληθυσμό άνω των 3.100 κατοίκων, ενώ στις υπόλοιπες περιοχές αύξηση από 250.000€ σε 400.000€.' English: the minimum real-estate investment threshold is raised from EUR 500,000 to EUR 800,000 throughout the entire Attica Region, the Thessaloniki Regional Unit, Mykonos, Santorini, and all islands with a population over 3,100 residents; in the remaining areas it is raised from EUR 250,000 to EUR 400,000. No income or age criteria apply ('Χωρίς εισοδηματικά κριτήρια', 'Χωρίς ηλικιακά κριτήρια'). (Secondary sources also report a EUR 250,000 tier for commercial-to-residential conversions/listed-building restoration and a newer startup-investment route — NEITHER independently confirmed against a primary text this pass, so not asserted here as confirmed fact.) | Not yet researched | none — the stegasi.gov.gr program page states 'Χωρίς ειδικές προϋποθέσεις' (no special conditions) beyond the investment itself, and separately confirms 'Χωρίς εισοδηματικά κριτήρια' / 'Χωρίς ηλικιακά κριτήρια' in its summary box — consistent with Greece's Golden Visa historically requiring no minimum physical presence to obtain or maintain the permit. Full page reviewed; no presence/day-count condition found. | Income Tax Code (Law 4172/2013), Article 4, as stated verbatim by the official tax authority (aade.gr): 'An individual is considered a Greek tax resident, if (s)he: a) has his/her permanent or principal residence or his/her habitual abode or the center of his/her vital interests in Greece, i.e. his/her personal and economic relations or b) is a consular, diplomatic or public official of similar status or civil servant, with Greek nationality, working abroad. An individual being in Greece for a period exceeding one hundred eighty-three (183) days, cumulatively, during any twelve-month period, shall be considered a Greek tax resident from the first day of his/her presence in Greece. The above criterion is not applied for those who reside in Greece exclusively for touristic, medical, therapeutic or other similar private reasons and their stay does not exceed three hundred sixty-five (365) days, including short periods of stay abroad.' | Not yet researched | Law 5100/2024, Article 64 raised the Golden Visa real-estate investment thresholds: from EUR 500,000 to EUR 800,000 in Attica/Thessaloniki/Mykonos/Santorini/islands with population over 3,100; from EUR 250,000 to EUR 400,000 elsewhere. This is the most recent change confirmed via a fetched primary source this pass. |
| Uruguaychecked 2026-09-13 | No single named golden visa or CBI/RBI product exists. Two distinct, stackable mechanisms make Uruguay relevant to this matrix: (1) ordinary legal residency (Residencia Permanente) -- open to any foreign person with intent to reside permanently, with no investment gate of its own -- which four alternative INVESTMENT-LINKED thresholds (causal 4, Titulo 7 Art. 2 / Decreto 148/007 Art. 5-bis) let an individual use to establish Uruguayan tax residency on an accelerated basis; and (2) the Tax Holiday new-resident tax regime (Titulo 7 Art. 24; Decreto 148/007 Arts. 5-quater/5-quinquies), an optional tax benefit layered on top of achieving tax residency by any causal. | tax-cap residency | open -- currently in force. Both DGI publications present the regime prospectively/currently (citing the 2023 consolidated Texto Ordenado and Resoluciones DGI as recent as 2021), with no suspension or sunset language found on either page. | No single flat minimum for ordinary residency. Four alternative investment thresholds (Titulo 7 Art. 2 / Decreto 148/007 Art. 5-bis) let an individual establish Uruguayan tax residency on an accelerated basis: (a) real estate exceeding UI 15,000,000; (b) UI 45,000,000 in a promoted (COMAP-declared) investment project; (c) real estate exceeding UI 3,500,000, acquired on/after 22 January 2021, PLUS at least 60 calendar days' physical presence in Uruguay during the calendar year; or (d) UI 15,000,000 in a company that creates at least 15 new direct jobs during the fiscal year. (UI = Unidad Indexada, Uruguay's inflation-indexed unit of account.) None of these is a gate on ordinary, non-accelerated legal residency, which itself carries no minimum-investment requirement. | Not yet researched | For the general 183-day tax-residency test, ordinary physical presence per that rule (see tax_residency_test). Separately, the accelerated real-estate investment causal specifically requires verbatim 'presencia efectiva durante el ano civil de al menos 60 (sesenta) dias calendario' (effective physical presence of at least 60 calendar days during the civil year), in addition to the UI 3,500,000 property investment. | General statutory test (Titulo 7, Texto Ordenado 2023), independent of any investment program (ruling tax-residency-test-scope), with three independent causales -- meeting any one is sufficient: (1) physical presence -- more than 183 days during the calendar year in Uruguayan territory, with sporadic absences counted toward presence unless they exceed 30 consecutive days (verbatim: 'quienes permanezcan mas de 183 dias durante el ano civil en territorio nacional'); (2) vital/family interests -- presumed when the person's spouse (not legally separated) and dependent minor children habitually reside in the country; (3) center of economic activity -- the principal nucleus or base of the person's activities is in Uruguay, evidenced by generating a greater volume of income in Uruguay than in any other single country. | none as a distinct named category -- no visa named rentista, retiree, or digital nomad appears among Uruguay's six officially enumerated legal-residency pathways (Permanente; Permanente Mercosur; Permanente por vinculo uruguayo; Temporaria Mercosur; Temporaria; Documento especial fronterizo) on the Direccion Nacional de Migracion's own gub.uy tramite index, confirmed by direct review of the full page. Foreign passive/pension income instead qualifies an applicant under the general Residencia Permanente pathway itself (no separate product code); commercial immigration-consultant branding such as 'Rentista Visa' or 'Independent Means Visa' does not correspond to a named category on the official pathway list. | June 2020 decree reforms added two of the current four causal-4 accelerated-residency investment routes (the UI 3.5M real-estate-plus-60-day-presence route, effective for property acquired on/after 22 January 2021; and the 15-job-creation route) and introduced, for new tax residents from fiscal year 2020 onward, the alternative flat-7%-IRPF no-time-limit option alongside the original 11-year (transfer year plus 10) 0%-IRNR-then-taxable option. |
| Panamachecked 2026-09-13 | Residente Permanente en calidad de Inversionista Calificado ("Qualified Investor" Permanent Residency) — created by Decreto Ejecutivo N° 722 (15 Oct 2020), amended by Decreto Ejecutivo N° 109 (13 Oct 2022). A separate, nationality-restricted pathway, the Visa de Amistad ("Friendly Nations" Visa, Decreto Ejecutivo 416/2012 as amended by Decreto Ejecutivo 226/2021), also exists but was not extracted in depth this pass — see citation_refs. | RBI (residency by investment) — colloquially also called a "golden visa"; not a citizenship program | open — actively administered and marketed by ProPanama (Autoridad para la Atracción de Inversiones y Promoción de Exportaciones) as of the checked-as-of date | Four qualifying investment forms, all funds must be foreign-sourced: (1) Real estate purchase — CURRENTLY B/.300,000 (US$300,000) under the still-active Art.10 Transitorio reduced rate (see recent_change_or_sunset for its expiration), reverting to the standard B/.500,000 (US$500,000) once that transitional window lapses; excess value may be mortgage-financed locally. (2) Real estate via a promise-of-sale contract + bank/fiduciary trust deposit — B/.500,000. (3) Licensed securities brokerage (Casa de Valores, Panama Stock Exchange) — minimum B/.500,000, held ≥5 years. (4) Fixed-term bank deposit (general-license bank) — minimum B/.750,000, ≥5-year term, lien-free. Note: ProPanama's own page states the real-estate and Casa de Valores figures consistently with the decree text; it does not separately restate the B/.750,000 fixed-deposit figure (that figure comes from the decree text directly). | Not yet researched | Not yet researched | Not yet researched | Panama runs two separate, primary-confirmed routes. (1) Digital Nomad — 'Visa de Corta Estancia como Trabajador Remoto', created by Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 198 (7 May 2021); requires foreign-source income of at least B/.36,000.00/year; granted for a maximum of 9 months, renewable for a further 9 months. (2) Jubilado/Pensionado (retiree) — Decreto Ejecutivo 320/2008 Art. 200: lifetime foreign/private pension or retirement income of at least B/.1,000.00/month (plus B/.250.00/month per dependent; spouses may combine incomes); reduces to B/.750.00/month if applicant personally owns Panamanian real estate titled over B/.100,000.00. Granted INDEFINITELY (no renewal required). | (1) Decreto Ejecutivo 109/2022 (13 Oct 2022) EXTENDED ("prorrogó") the Art.10 Transitorio reduced real-estate threshold (B/.300,000) for 48 months from its own promulgation date — i.e. through approximately 13 Oct 2026, LESS THAN ONE MONTH from this extraction's checked-as-of date (2026-09-13). Absent a further extension, the real-estate minimum will revert to the standard B/.500,000 shortly after that date — this is a live, near-term staleness risk for this cell. (2) Decreto 109/2022 also newly permitted applying from abroad online for the real-estate/promise-of-sale pathways for the first time, per ProPanama's page. (3) Source-quality note: ProPanama's own page states Decreto 722/2020 was "modificado por Decreto Ejecutivo No. 26 de 2 de marzo de 2009" — a 2009 date preceding the 2020 decree it purportedly amends, an internal inconsistency on the government's own page. Not relied upon; Decreto 109/2022's own text (independently read in full) is the citation used throughout this row. |
| United Arab Emirateschecked 2026-09-13 | Golden visa — long-term UAE residence visa (federal program administered by ICP / GDRFA) | golden visa | open — presented as a current, active federal government service; page shows a 28 Jul 2026 update with no closure/suspension notice | Investor category: minimum capital of AED 2,000,000 in public investments (10-year validity); OR property ownership (5-year validity); OR contribution to an establishment paying at least AED 250,000 annually in taxes. (Non-investor categories — entrepreneurs, specialists, students, humanitarian pioneers — qualify via non-monetary criteria, not an investment threshold.) | Not yet researched | No sponsor is required for Golden visa holders. Holders may stay outside the UAE for longer than the standard six-month maximum absence otherwise required to keep an ordinary UAE residence visa valid. | Under Cabinet Resolution No. (85) of 2022, Art. 4, a natural person is a UAE Tax Resident if: (1) usual/main place of residence AND centre of financial and personal interests are in the UAE (or meets Minister-specified criteria); OR (2) physically present in the UAE 183+ days in the relevant 12 consecutive months; OR (3) physically present 90+ days in the relevant 12 months AND holds UAE nationality, a valid UAE residence permit, or GCC-member-state nationality, AND has either a permanent place of residence in the UAE or practises a job/business there. | No distinct digital-nomad, remote-work, or retiree-specific visa category appears among the UAE federal government's own 10 enumerated visa types (Golden, Visit, Work, Residence, Student, Investor, Tourist, Transit, Medical, Blue) on its official visa-types index page. | Not yet researched |
| Singaporechecked 2026-09-13 | Global Investor Programme (GIP) — accords Singapore Permanent Resident (PR) status to eligible global investors who intend to drive their businesses and investment growth from Singapore. Administered by Contact Singapore, a division of the Economic Development Board (EDB). Introduced in 2004. | vetted residency | open -- live, currently-operating program. The EDB Factsheet (footer-dated 'Updated 5 May 2025') sets out an active application process with current bank-payment details for the S$20,000 application fee, and the 2 March 2023 EDB media release frames the GIP as EDB's ongoing PR-by-investment channel subject to periodic revision ('These changes are part of EDB's ongoing review of the GIP...'), most recently revised 15 March 2023 (prior revision March 2020). No suspension or closure language found in either primary document. | Applicant must qualify under Option A, B, or C (Family Office Principals must use Option C). Option A: 'Demonstrate an investment of minimally S$10 million in a new business entity or in the expansion of an existing business operation in Singapore,' plus >=30% shareholding and a management-team role, in an Annex-B-listed industry. Option B: 'Invest S$25 million in a GIP-select fund that invests in Singapore-based companies.' Option C: establish a Singapore-based Single Family Office with Assets Under Management of at least S$200 million, of which minimally S$50 million must be transferred into Singapore and deployed within 12 months of Final Approval into one of four EDB-specified categories (MAS-licensed-exchange-listed equities; qualifying debt securities; funds distributed by Singapore-licensed/registered managers; or private equity into non-listed Singapore-based businesses). These figures took effect 15 March 2023, replacing prior S$2.5 million thresholds under all three options (cross-verified via EDB's own 2 March 2023 media release, which also added Option A's 30-employee/half-Singaporean/10-incremental-hire Re-entry-Permit-renewal condition and Option C's 5-incremental-Family-Office-professional condition, both due by Year 5 of PR status). | Approximately 12 months for a GIP application to be processed, subject to complete submission of required supporting documents and due diligence checks (verbatim footnote). Once Approval-in-Principle (AIP) is granted, it is valid for 6 months, within which the applicant must fulfil the chosen Option's investment condition; the applicant must then formalise Singapore PR within 12 months of the Final Approval letter. | No upfront minimum-days-present requirement is stated to obtain PR itself. A presence test instead appears as an ALTERNATIVE condition for Re-Entry Permit (REP) renewal: on the 3-year renewal track, satisfying 'You or all your dependants, who obtained PR under your GIP application, must have resided in Singapore for more than half of the time' can substitute for the Option's own economic/headcount condition. The 5-year renewal track requires BOTH the economic condition AND, for all three Options, that the applicant or dependants have resided in Singapore for more than half of the time. | General statutory test under the Income Tax Act, independent of the GIP route (ruling tax-residency-test-scope): an individual is a Singapore tax resident for a Year of Assessment if (a) a Singapore Citizen or Permanent Resident who normally resides in Singapore except for temporary absences; (b) a foreigner who stays or works in Singapore for at least 183 days in the calendar year; or (c) a foreigner whose employment spans a continuous period straddling 2 calendar years with a total stay of at least 183 days -- verbatim: 'continuous period straddling 2 calendar years and your total period of stay is at least 183 days' -- resident for both years. A stay of 61-182 days is taxed at the higher of a flat 15% or progressive resident rates. | none -- no dedicated digital-nomad or retiree-specific visa/pass category exists. ICA's own enumerated immigration-pass index lists only: Long-Term Visit Pass (LTVP/LTVP+, for family members of citizens/PRs), Student's Pass, and Permanent Residence, plus MOM-administered work passes (Employment Pass, S Pass, Work Permit). None targets passive income, remote work, or retirement specifically. | EDB Media Release, 2 March 2023, 'Changes to Global Investor Programme will Generate More Spin-offs for the Singapore Economy,' effective 15 March 2023: raised Option A from S$2.5M to S$10M (adding a 30-employee/half-Singapore-Citizen/10-incremental-hire REP-renewal condition), Option B from S$2.5M to S$25M (REP renewal simplified from a hire+spend test to simply maintaining the fund investment), and specified Option C's AIP-stage deployed-in-Singapore amount as a minimum S$50 million into 4 named categories (REP renewal now also requires 5 incremental Family Office professionals by Year 5). Framed by EDB as part of its 'ongoing review of the GIP' (prior revision: March 2020); no suspension or sunset announced. |
| Hong Kongchecked 2026-09-13 | New Capital Investment Entrant Scheme (New CIES) -- launched 2024, announced in the 2023-24 Budget. Jointly administered by the New CIES Office under Invest Hong Kong (InvestHK, overseen by the Director-General of Investment Promotion) for financial/investment assessment, and the Immigration Department (ImmD, overseen by the Director of Immigration) for visa/entry-permit/extension decisions. Distinct from -- and these Scheme Rules do not apply to -- the original Capital Investment Entrant Scheme launched 2003, suspended since 15 January 2015. | golden visa | open -- actively accepting applications. The Scheme Rules were most recently amended 1 March 2026 (Note (9)), and government reporting at the Scheme's two-year mark (28 February 2026) recorded nearly 3,200 applications and about HK$95 billion in expected investment -- both facts confirm the Scheme is live and under active administration, not suspended. | Not less than HK$30 million Net (or equivalent in foreign currencies), in two parts: (i) a minimum of HK$27 million in Permissible financial assets and/or real estate -- equities listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong (SEHK) traded in HKD/RMB; debt securities; certificates of deposit (capped at 10%, i.e. HK$3 million, of the minimum threshold); subordinated debt; eligible collective investment schemes; ownership interests in limited partnership funds; non-residential real estate; and residential real estate (single-property transaction-price floor HK$30 million, aggregate real-estate cap HK$15 million of which residential is capped at HK$10 million, per Note (8) below); PLUS (ii) HK$3 million placed into the CIES Investment Portfolio managed by the Hong Kong Investment Corporation Limited. A separate Net Asset Requirement of not less than HK$30 million Net, held throughout the 6 months (or since the Scheme's launch date, if later) before the Net Asset Assessment application, must also be independently demonstrated. | No fixed statutory processing-time SLA is stated; instead fixed windows govern each stage. The Net Asset Assessment Fulfillment document must be lodged with the New CIES Office within 14 calendar days of its issuance. Upon Approval-in-Principle, ImmD grants a visitor-status entry permit for not more than 180 days to complete the committed investment. Permission to stay is then normally granted for not more than 24 months on time limitation only, renewable for further periods of not more than 3 years (para 4.10), up to the 7-year continuous-ordinary-residence mark for permanent-resident eligibility (para 4.11). | The Scheme Rules' continuous-ordinary-residence test for eventual permanent-resident eligibility is 7 years: 'a period of continuous ordinary residence in Hong Kong of not less than seven years.' An Entrant unable to meet continuous ordinary residence while still meeting the Portfolio Maintenance Requirements for 7+ years may instead apply for unconditional stay (free of any residence-day condition thereafter). | Hong Kong operates a TERRITORIAL tax system: domestic Salaries/Profits Tax liability turns on the source of income/profits, not on a general statutory tax residency status. The closest official resident individual concept is the Inland Revenue Department's Certificate of Resident Status (CoR) test, used for double-taxation-agreement purposes only -- verbatim: 'Individual who stays in Hong Kong for more than 180 days during a year of assessment or for more than 300 days in two consecutive years of assessment one of which is the relevant year of assessment' (a separate limb covers an individual who ordinarily resides in Hong Kong). | none -- no digital-nomad or retiree-specific visa category exists. The Immigration Department's own full services index enumerates only: Top Talent Pass Scheme, General Employment Policy, Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents and Professionals, Technical Professionals Stream, Technology Talent Admission Scheme, Vocational Professionals Admission Scheme, Immigration Arrangements for Non-local Graduates, Quality Migrant Admission Scheme, Admission Scheme for the Second Generation of Chinese HK Permanent Residents, New CIES / (suspended) CIES, Foreign Domestic Helpers, several labour-importation schemes, Investment as Entrepreneurs, Training, Working Holiday, Mainland Fisherman Deckhands, Students & Dependants, and Visit/Transit -- none targets remote workers or retirees specifically. | Note (8): per the 2025 Policy Address, the residential-real-estate single-property transaction-price floor was cut from HK$50 million to HK$30 million, and the real-estate aggregate investment cap raised from HK$10 million to HK$15 million (residential sub-cap unchanged at HK$10 million), applicable to real estate with a completion date on/after 17 September 2025. Note (9): the Scheme Rules were further amended 1 March 2026, updating the conditions an eligible private company (Holding Company / Family-owned Investment Holding Vehicle or Special Purpose Entity) must meet, retroactively applicable to applications submitted before that date unless stated otherwise. |
| Estoniachecked 2026-09-13 | Residence permit for business - investor category ('for large investors'), a long-term residence permit tied to a qualifying direct investment in an Estonian company or investment fund. | vetted residency | open - live official instructions page, current application process, fee, and processing-time information published as of the fetch date below. | Large-investor route (verbatim-confirmed): a permanent direct investment of at least EUR 1,000,000 in an Estonian company that invests in the Estonian economy, OR at least EUR 1,000,000 in an investment fund that invests mainly in Estonian companies. CAVEAT: multiple secondary sources (incl. investinestonia.com, the state investment-promotion agency's own portal - not independently fetched/verbatim-confirmed this pass) describe a separate, lower general-business residence-permit tier (~EUR 65,000 company / EUR 16,000 sole proprietorship). That lower tier was NOT independently verified against a primary politsei.ee page this pass (verbatim-only ruling) - not published as a confirmed figure. | "You will receive a response within 90 days, and the residence permit card will be issued within 30 days thereafter." | No physical-presence/actual-residence requirement applies to this route: the Aliens Act (Valismaalaste seadus) Section 1974 expressly EXEMPTS the major-investor (suurinvestor) temporary business residence permit from the Act's general actual-residence requirement (Section 117(1)) and from the population-register address-registration requirement (Section 121, Section 129(3)), for both initial grant and renewal. | Income Tax Act (Tulumaksuseadus) Section 6(1), verbatim: "A natural person is a resident if the place of residence of the person is in Estonia or if the person stays in Estonia for at least 183 days within 12 consecutive calendar months. A person is deemed to be a resident as of the day of the person's arrival in Estonia. A diplomat or administrative official on a long-term assignment abroad, as well as their family member and support person accompanying the diplomat or administrative official, is also a resident. A resident natural person pays income tax on all income derived in and outside Estonia regardless of whether the income is listed in Sections 13-22 or not." | Yes - Estonia's Digital Nomad Visa (D-visa, long-stay), per the e-Residency program's own official FAQ: monthly income threshold "EUR 4,500 (gross of tax)" with a "EUR 150 per day" minimum-funds alternative; "The state fee for a D visa is EUR 120 and for a C visa is EUR 90"; duration up to 365 days on the D-visa track (up to 90 days on the short-stay C-visa track). IMPORTANT DISTINCTION (per this bead's own directive): this is NOT the same product as e-Residency itself - politsei.ee's own e-Resident's digital ID FAQ states explicitly: "an e-resident's digital ID does not grant the right to reside in Estonia, and applying for an e-resident's digital ID and applying for a visa are separate processes with separate requirements, and having an e-resident's digital ID does not constitute a basis for being granted a visa." CAVEAT: the income/fee figures above are sourced to e-resident.gov.ee's own FAQ (an official .gov.ee domain, but a secondary explainer page, not the primary Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Aliens Act regulatory text); the primary regulation itself was not independently located and fetched this pass. | Not yet researched |
| Vanuatuchecked 2026-09-13 | Vanuatu Citizenship by Investment, administered by the Vanuatu Citizenship Office and Commission under the Citizenship Act [Cap 112] as amended - notably the Citizenship (Amendment) Act No. 39 of 2013 (assented 16/01/2014, commenced 21/01/2014), which inserted Part 3A ('Dual Citizenship') establishing the statutory basis for citizenship via the Capital Investment Immigration Plan (CIIP). The official site names four concurrent routes: the Development Support Program (DSP), the Capital Investment Immigration Plan (CIIP), the Vanuatu Contribution Program (VCP), and a Real Estate Option (REO, commenced 23 July 2021). | CBI | Not yet researched | The statutory CIIP mechanism itself (verbatim, Citizenship (Amendment) Act No.39 of 2013, new s.13C, inserted into Cap 112): an investor applicant who applies within 9 months of a residence-permit application under the Plan and complies with the Plan's requirements may be granted citizenship, subject to the investor '(iii) waives repayment of the Vanuatu Government bonds issued to that investor under the Plan; and (iv) donates to the Vanuatu Government a further 25% of his or her investment made under the Plan.' A historical fast-track existed: 'for the first 500 applicants - citizenship will be granted within 3 months after an application has been approved by the Commission,' with those 500 applicants waiving '50% of his or her investment made under the Plan' instead of the standard 25% donation. CAVEAT: this confirms the STRUCTURE (government-bond investment + a donation premium) but not the CURRENT dollar minimums. The regulation that sets current fee/contribution amounts, Citizenship (Development Support Program) Regulations Order No. 33 of 2019, is published on the official site only as a scanned PDF with no machine-readable text layer (no OCR tooling available this pass) - the commercially-reported current figures (~US$130,000 DSP; ~US$105,000+US$50,000 CIIP) could not be verbatim-confirmed against this or any other primary source this pass, and commercial CBI-agency sites are excluded as sourcing per non-negotiable #8. | Verbatim, historical fast-track only (Citizenship (Amendment) Act No.39 of 2013, new s.13C(2)): 'for the first 500 applicants - citizenship will be granted within 3 months after an application has been approved by the Commission.' This fast-track is specific to the CIIP's first 500 applicants (a 2013/2014-era provision, likely long since exhausted) and is the only primary-source-verbatim processing-time figure located this pass. Commercial secondary sources report a general current processing time of '30 to 60 days' across DSP/CIIP, but that figure was not independently confirmed against a primary source this pass. | none - confirmed absence after full-text review. Ordinary naturalization under Cap 112 Part 3 (s.9(2)(a)) requires an applicant to have been 'ordinarily resident in Vanuatu' for '10 years immediately prior' to application. The investor route inserted by Part 3A (ss.13A-13D) imposes an entirely separate, shorter condition list (culture/character/language/renunciation/oath, s.13B(3)(a)-(i)) that does NOT include any residence-duration requirement, and s.13B(4) expressly disapplies even the language condition (3)(c) to CIIP investors - confirming the investor route is deliberately built with no physical-presence precondition, in contrast to ordinary naturalization. | Not yet researched | none | Confirmed official-domain items: (1) CIIP suspension lifted 'as of 21 March 2016' per the Citizenship Office's own news archive; (2) three additional designated agents approved to operate CIIP 'in accordance with Order 93 of 2023'; (3) the Office's news feed documents roughly 30 citizenship revocations for grants obtained contrary to the Citizenship Act/Constitution, and describes an ongoing Vanuatu Financial Intelligence Unit due-diligence-strengthening review (undated as a discrete event); (4) the underlying Act itself has been amended in 2013/2014 (twice) and 2018. UNCONFIRMED CAVEAT: commercial secondary sources (not relied on for this value) additionally report a further brief CIIP suspension in May 2025 and a 2026 relaunch - this could not be corroborated on the primary vancitizenship.gov.vu domain this pass (see program_status). |
| United Kingdomchecked 2026-09-13 | None currently open. The UK's sole investment-linked residence route, the Tier 1 (Investor) visa, is permanently closed to new applicants (see program_status). The current business-immigration route, the Innovator Founder visa, carries no minimum-investment threshold - its official page describes only application/endorsement fees (GBP 1,357/1,693 application; GBP 500 per required endorsing-body meeting, minimum two meetings), gated on business-plan endorsement by an approved body rather than a capital threshold - so it does not qualify as a residency-by-investment program under the program-scope ruling. | none | closed. Official Home Office policy guidance (Tier 1 (Investor), Version 02/2022), verbatim: "From 16:00 GMT on 17th February 2022 the Tier 1 (Investor) Migrant route is closed to new initial applications for entry clearance or leave to remain. If you make such an application after this date and time it will be void and not considered. This includes no longer being able to switch into this route from other routes." The official visa-status service confirms: "This route is now closed to initial applications for leave, including switching applications," while existing holders who invested GBP 2 million or more may still extend; the guidance is retained for extension and settlement applications only, with ILR applications accepted until 17 February 2028 per transitional rules. | none - no currently open route carries a minimum-investment threshold (confirmed absence after full review of the Innovator Founder page). The now-closed Tier 1 (Investor) route required GBP 2,000,000 (per the official visa-status service, describing existing holders as those who 'have invested £2 million or more'), but that route is closed to new applicants (see program_status). | For the Innovator Founder visa (the only currently-open business-immigration route, though not investment-threshold-gated): "you'll usually get a decision on your visa within 3 weeks" when applying from outside the UK, or "within 8 weeks" when applying from inside the UK. | Must not have been outside the UK for more than 180 days in any 12-month period (Appendix Continuous Residence, CR 3.1). The page explicitly lists the Innovator Founder route among those the Appendix covers. | The Statutory Residence Test (SRT), Finance Act 2013 Schedule 45, determines UK tax residence via three tiers applied in order: (1) automatic OVERSEAS tests (e.g. under 16 days in the UK if recently UK-resident; under 46 days if not recently UK-resident; or sufficient-hours overseas work with under 31 UK work days) - meeting any one makes a person automatically non-resident; (2) automatic UK tests (e.g. 183+ days in the UK in the tax year; or a UK home held/used for 30+ days with either no overseas home or overseas homes used under 30 days; or 35+ hours/week average UK work with no significant break) - meeting one (and none of the overseas tests) makes a person automatically resident; (3) the sufficient ties test - for cases the automatic tests don't resolve, residence is determined by day-count combined with a sliding scale of UK 'ties' (family, accommodation, work, 90-day, and country ties). | none - confirmed absence after full review of the official visa-category index. The GOV.UK visa-browsing index enumerates: Skilled Worker, Graduate, ETA, eVisa, short-stay visitor, airport transit, Student, Partner/spouse/dependant, EU Settlement Scheme family permit, Frontier Worker permit, BNO, UK Ancestry, and Indefinite Leave to Remain - no dedicated digital-nomad or retiree-visa category appears among them. | Two material 2022-2026 changes, both primary-confirmed: (1) the Tier 1 (Investor) route's permanent closure to new applicants from 16:00 GMT on 17 February 2022 (see program_status); (2) separately, the long-standing 'non-dom' tax regime - historically a major draw for wealthy immigrants to the UK, adjacent to (though distinct from) residence-by-investment - was abolished effective 6 April 2025. Official HM Treasury/HMRC policy paper, verbatim: the government 'replac[ed] the remittance basis of taxation, which is based on domicile status, with a new tax regime based on residence from 6 April 2025,' introducing a 4-year Foreign Income and Gains (FIG) regime providing '100% relief on foreign income and gains for new arrivals to the UK in their first 4 years of tax residence, provided they have not been UK tax resident in any of the 10 consecutive years prior to their arrival.' |
| Wyomingchecked 2026-09-13 | none | none | none | none | none | none | No statutory individual tax-residency test exists because Wyoming levies no tax on individual income. Wyoming Constitution Art. 15, Sec. 18 does not flatly ban an income tax; it neutralizes one via a mandatory offsetting mechanism: 'No tax shall be imposed upon income without allowing full credit against such tax liability for all sales, use, and ad valorem taxes paid in the taxable year by the same taxpayer to any taxing authority in Wyoming.' No Wyoming legislature has ever enacted a personal income tax statute under this framework (a 2020 bill, HB0147, would have created a 'Wyoming Income Tax Act' but was not enacted). Because there is no tax to test residency against, no domicile/day-count statute exists in Title 39 (Taxation and Revenue) for individual income tax purposes. | none -- U.S. states have no independent authority to issue visas or residency permits; immigration and visa issuance is an exclusively federal power (U.S. Const. Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 4; confirmed by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012), holding that the federal government has broad, undoubted power over immigration and alien status). No Wyoming agency has jurisdiction to create a digital-nomad or retiree visa. | Not yet researched |
| Nevadachecked 2026-09-13 | none | none | none | none | none | none | No statutory individual tax-residency test exists because Nevada levies no tax on individual income. Nevada Constitution Art. 10, Sec. 1(9), verbatim: 'No income tax shall be levied upon the wages or personal income of natural persons. Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, and except as otherwise provided in subsection 1 of this Section, taxes may be levied upon the income or revenue of any business in whatever form it may be conducted for profit in the State.' This is a flat constitutional prohibition on individual income tax specifically (business income remains taxable) -- a materially different and stronger mechanism than Wyoming's credit-offset model. CORRECTION TO A SECONDARY-SOURCE CLAIM: a preliminary web search characterized this as 'Article 10, Section 1' in its entirety; the official constitution text shows the operative income-tax-ban language is specifically subsection 9 of Section 1 (Section 1 as a whole covers general property-tax uniformity, with 10 numbered subsections covering different topics) -- re-verified directly against the primary source rather than the secondary paraphrase, per non-negotiable #2. | none -- U.S. states have no independent authority to issue visas or residency permits; immigration and visa issuance is an exclusively federal power (U.S. Const. Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 4; Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012)). No Nevada agency has jurisdiction to create a digital-nomad or retiree visa. | No 2024-2026 change to Nevada Constitution Art. 10 Sec. 1(9). The Secretary of State's current 2026 ballot-petitions page confirms: no constitutional initiative petitions qualified for the November 2026 General Election (only 2024 Questions 6 and 7 — abortion access, voter ID — carry over, neither Art. 10-related); every 2025-2026 initiative petition filed (C-01 through C-07, S-01, S-02) concerns unrelated topics (girls'-sports eligibility, medical-innovation access, Board of Regents authority language, open primaries/ranked-choice voting, removing slavery-as-punishment language, diaper tax exemption) — none reference income tax or Article 10. |
| South Dakotachecked 2026-09-13 | none -- 'Freedom Works Here' (launched 2023 by the Governor's Office of Economic Development) is a workforce-recruitment marketing and job-matching campaign, not a residency-by-investment or immigration-linked program: it carries no minimum investment, grants no visa or residency status, and simply advertises open jobs and connects applicants to South Dakota employers. | none | none | none | none | none | No statutory individual tax-residency test exists because South Dakota levies no tax on individual income -- but, unlike Wyoming/Nevada/Florida, this is NOT because the state constitution bans one. South Dakota Constitution Art. XI, Sec. 2, verbatim, affirmatively GRANTS the power: 'The Legislature is empowered to impose taxes upon incomes and occupations, and taxes upon incomes may be graduated and progressive and reasonable exemptions may be provided.' Sec. 13 separately requires a supermajority/voter-consent to increase 'the rate of taxation imposed by the state of South Dakota on personal or corporate income,' implying the power exists even if unexercised. Confirmed by full-text review of all 15 sections of Article XI: no income tax has ever been enacted by the Legislature under this granted power, and no residency/domicile test therefore exists in South Dakota Codified Laws Title 10 for individual income tax purposes -- an unexercised constitutional power, not a constitutional prohibition. This corrects a secondary-source (AI search-summary) claim encountered during this research that 'South Dakota voters approved a constitutional amendment in 2018 that explicitly prohibits a state income tax' -- that claim is false; no such prohibition appears anywhere in the official constitution text, and Ballotpedia's own historical entries ('South Dakota Income Tax, Amendment C (1990)', 'Amendment D (1978)') confirm no 2018 income-tax amendment exists at all. | none -- U.S. states have no independent authority to issue visas or residency permits; immigration and visa issuance is an exclusively federal power (U.S. Const. Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 4; Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012)). No South Dakota agency has jurisdiction to create a digital-nomad or retiree visa; Freedom Works Here is a domestic job-matching campaign, not an immigration mechanism. | No 2024-2026 change to Article XI's income-tax provisions. A dedicated search of South Dakota ballot measures and constitutional amendments 2024-2026 found none touching income tax; the 2026 ballot's Amendment L concerns the vote threshold for future constitutional amendments generally, unrelated to taxation. Freedom Works Here itself has continued in successive 'rounds' (Round Two, Round Three, described as the 'most successful' iteration) through 2024-2025 with no structural change to its nature as a recruitment/marketing campaign. |
| Delawarechecked 2026-09-13 | none | none | none | none | none | none | Delaware DOES levy a personal income tax and has a real statutory residency test -- the substantively different case among these five states. 30 Del. C. Sec. 1103, verbatim: 'A resident individual of this State means an individual: (1) Who is domiciled in this State to the extent of the period of such domicile' (with a carve-out for individuals present in a foreign country 495+ days across an 18-month period who keep minimal Delaware contacts), 'or (2) Who maintains a place of abode in this State and spends in the aggregate more than 183 days of the taxable year in this State.' This is the classic two-path 'domicile OR statutory residency (abode + 183-day)' test structurally similar to New York's. Sec. 1104 defines a nonresident individual simply as one who is not a resident individual under Sec. 1103. Sec. 1101 ties undefined terms back to the federal Internal Revenue Code. | none -- U.S. states have no independent authority to issue visas or residency permits; immigration and visa issuance is an exclusively federal power (U.S. Const. Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 4; Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012)). No Delaware agency has jurisdiction to create a digital-nomad or retiree visa. | No 2024-2026 change to 30 Del. C. Sec. 1103's residency definition found. A dedicated search of the Division of Revenue's site and the Delaware Register of Regulations surfaced only routine annual personal-income-tax form updates (2025-2026 filing season) and unrelated historical Medicaid-residency regulation entries -- nothing amending the Sec. 1103/1104 residency definitions themselves. |
| Floridachecked 2026-09-13 | none | none | none | none | none | none | No statutory individual tax-residency test exists because Florida's Constitution caps any state tax on a natural person's income at the amount creditable against federal tax -- a mechanism, not a bare policy choice. Fla. Const. Art. VII, Sec. 5(a), verbatim: 'No tax upon estates or inheritances or upon the income of natural persons who are residents or citizens of the state shall be levied by the state, or under its authority, in excess of the aggregate of amounts which may be allowed to be credited upon or deducted from any similar tax levied by the United States or any state.' Because the federal credit mechanism this section references was repealed decades ago at the federal level, the practical effect is a $0 ceiling -- structurally the same 'credit-offset neutralization' approach as Wyoming's Art.15 Sec.18, not a flat textual ban like Nevada's. In force since 1968 (Sec.5(c): 'effective immediately upon approval by the electors'). With no individual income tax actually leviable, no domicile/day-count residency test exists in Florida Statutes for this purpose (Florida's well-known 'residency' rules -- e.g. homestead exemption domicile, Fla. Stat. Ch.222 -- serve property-tax and creditor-exemption purposes, not an income-tax-residency test, and are out of scope for this field). | none -- U.S. states have no independent authority to issue visas or residency permits; immigration and visa issuance is an exclusively federal power (U.S. Const. Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 4; Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012)). No Florida agency has jurisdiction to create a digital-nomad or retiree visa; Florida's popularity with remote workers rests entirely on its federal-citizen/national relocation freedom plus its tax posture, not on any state-issued status. | No change since 1971. Florida Constitution Art. VII Sec. 5's own trailing History note reads verbatim: 'History.--Am. H.J.R. 7-B, 1971; adopted 1971.' — confirming the section has not been amended since, through 2024-2026 inclusive. |
| Puerto Ricochecked 2026-09-13 | Individual Resident Investor Decree under Puerto Rico's Incentives Code (Codigo de Incentivos de Puerto Rico, Act 60-2019), Chapter 2 Sec. 2021.01 (13 L.P.R.A. Sec. 45131), titled 'Individuos Inversionistas que se Trasladen a Puerto Rico.' Originally created as Act 22-2012 (the 'Individual Investors Act'), later consolidated into Act 60-2019 Chapter 2, and amended by Act 38-2026 (Ley Num. 38 de 10 de marzo de 2026). | tax-cap residency | open. Act 38-2026 (effective 2026-03-10) extended Individual Resident Investor benefit eligibility through December 31, 2055 (income realized on/after Jan 1, 2056 no longer qualifies), and introduced a new 4% preferential tax rate (down from the original full 0% exemption) on qualifying interest/dividends/certain capital gains for decrees whose application was filed on or after January 1, 2027; applications filed on or before December 31, 2026 keep the original 0% rate. | Not a capital-investment threshold in the CBI/RBI sense. To obtain and keep the decree, an Individual Resident Investor must: (1) become a bona fide Puerto Rico resident (see tax_residency_test); (2) within two (2) years of receiving the decree, purchase residential real property in Puerto Rico as a primary residence, evidenced in the annual report (Sec. 6020.10(c), which restates the same real-property duty also referenced in Sec. 2023.01(c)) -- no statutory minimum purchase price located; (3) beginning the second tax year after the decree, make an annual charitable contribution of at least $10,000. RESOLVED this pass (was a disclosed open question): Sec. 6020.10(b) (13 L.P.R.A. Sec. 48530) is the operative provision imposing this $10,000 contribution on 'Negocios Exentos bajo la Seccion 2021.01' -- Sec. 2021.01 IS the Individual Resident Investor's own eligibility section (Subcapitulo A, Chapter 2), confirmed by direct read of both sections; the cross-reference is real and direct, not to an unrelated business-entity provision. The allocation is NOT a simple 50/50 split: of the $10,000, $5,000 (50%) must go to a nonprofit drawn from an annual list published by the Comision Especial Conjunta de Fondos Legislativos para Impacto Comunitario addressing child-poverty eradication (or up to 100% of the full $10,000 may go to listed nonprofits); $2,500 (25%) to any other Sec.1101.01-certified PR nonprofit not controlled by the decree-holder or descendants/ascendants/spouse; and the remaining $2,500 (25%) to the Fondo Especial para la Igualdad Social (a government fund, not a free-choice nonprofit) -- this last quarter was omitted from the prior 50/50 characterization. | Not yet researched | Governed by the federal bona fide-residence 'Presence Test' under IRC Sec.937, as stated in IRS Publication 570: a person satisfies it for a tax year by (a) being present in Puerto Rico at least 183 days during the tax year, OR (b) at least 549 days during the 3-year period including the current year and the two preceding years, with at least 60 days present in PR during EACH of those three years, OR (c) present in the United States no more than 90 days during the tax year, OR (d) having earned income in the United States of no more than a total of $3,000 AND more days of presence in PR than in the U.S. during the tax year, OR (e) having no significant connection to the U.S. during the tax year. This is a federal test of general application (not Act-60-specific); Act 60's own residency cross-reference points to the Puerto Rico Internal Revenue Code's resident definition, Sec. 1010.01(a)(30). CORRECTED this pass (ruling verbatim-only): limb (d) was previously paraphrased as 'no earned U.S.-source income', dropping the $3,000 de minimis threshold -- re-verified verbatim directly against the on-disk Pub. 570 text. | Full 'bona fide resident of Puerto Rico' test under IRC Sec.937 / IRS Pub. 570: requires satisfying ALL THREE of (1) the Presence Test (see physical_presence_requirement), (2) the Tax Home Test (no tax home outside Puerto Rico during the tax year), and (3) the Closer Connection Test (no closer connection to the U.S. or a foreign country than to Puerto Rico during the tax year). Puerto Rico's own Codigo de Incentivos cross-references residency to the PR Internal Revenue Code's Sec. 1010.01(a)(30) resident definition rather than restating the federal test itself. | N/A -- Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory; U.S. citizens and nationals require no visa or immigration permission to relocate there, so there is no separate digital-nomad or retiree visa track distinct from the Act 60 Individual Resident Investor decree itself. | Act 38-2026 (Ley Num. 38 de 10 de marzo de 2026) amended Sections 1020.02(a)(4), 2022.01, 2022.02, 6020.03, and 6020.10 of Act 60-2019: (1) extended the Individual Resident Investor benefit period through December 31, 2055; (2) reduced the preferential rate on qualifying interest/dividends/certain capital gains from a full 0% exemption to a 4% fixed preferential rate for decree applications filed on or after January 1, 2027, while applications filed on or before Dec 31, 2026 retain the original 0% rate; (3) CONFIRMED VERBATIM this pass (ruling verbatim-only -- previously unconfirmed): for applications submitted after December 31, 2026, the individual must demonstrate they were NOT a Puerto Rico resident for a minimum of six (6) years prior to the date of moving to Puerto Rico -- a new, stricter prior-residency look-back than previously applied. |
Hover column headers to see field definitions. Hover cell text to see source notes. Typed unknowns (e.g., “Portal not observable”) are methodological limits, not data gaps.
Research scope
Rows are the jurisdictions on the Private Pierce international roster, plus six US jurisdictions — Wyoming, Nevada, South Dakota, Delaware, Florida, and Puerto Rico. The US rows are here because they legislate on this same axis and are the jurisdictions readers most often hold up against an offshore option; putting them in the same table on the same fields lets the statutory terms be read against each other instead of described in two separate vocabularies. Where a jurisdiction runs more than one regime, the divergent regimes appear as their own rows directly beneath the parent. Cells that read as not established or unknown are typed unknowns — the research pass did not confirm that field against an official source, the reason is on hover, and they will be backfilled through this same data file rather than by rewriting this page.
How to read this matrix
Each row is a jurisdiction. program_name and program_type identify the program and whether it grants residency, citizenship, or a nomad or retiree permit; program_status records whether it is open, suspended, or closed. minimum_investment and processing_time record the stated entry condition and stated timeline. physical_presence_requirement records the days or residence conditions the program itself imposes, while tax_residency_test records the separate test the jurisdiction uses to decide tax residency. digital_nomad_or_retiree_visa covers the non-investment tracks, and recent_change_or_sunset records published amendments or closures. Sub-rows carry program values for a divergent regime inside a parent jurisdiction.
What this page does not claim
- It is not immigration advice and not an application guide. Eligibility, documentation, and processing depend on facts and on the jurisdiction's discretion, neither of which this matrix holds.
- It does not promise a tax outcome. Obtaining a permit does not itself change where someone is taxed; the tax-residency test is recorded as its own field for exactly that reason.
- It does not rank or recommend programs, and a stated minimum or timeline is what the jurisdiction publishes, not a quoted price or a guarantee.
Sources
Each row links to one primary official domain for that jurisdiction, chosen as its lead source. Every published cell carries its own pinpoint citation, source URL, and the first segment of the snapshot hash of the document it was read from, visible on hover; the snapshots themselves are retained on file. Where a jurisdiction publishes a consolidated text, the consolidation date it was read at is recorded with the underlying matrix rather than restated here. The full source taxonomy lives at /about/source-registry/, and the research method at /about/methodology/.
Not legal advice
Private Pierce is not a law firm and does not provide legal advice.
Nothing on this page is legal, tax, or immigration advice, and it is not a recommendation to use any jurisdiction; foreign law is described from official sources as published and may have changed — consult counsel licensed in the relevant jurisdiction.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between a residency and a citizenship program?
A residency program grants a right to live in the jurisdiction, usually renewable and usually conditioned on continuing to meet its terms. A citizenship program grants nationality. The program_type field records which one each program is, and several jurisdictions on this matrix operate only a residency track, only a nomad or retiree track, or none at all.
Does holding a residency permit change where someone is taxed?
Not automatically. Tax residency is decided by the jurisdiction's own residency test — days present, domicile, centre of vital interests, or a statutory equivalent — which the matrix records as its own field precisely because it is separate from immigration status.
Why does the matrix track sunsets and recent changes?
Because these programs are amended and closed frequently, and a program described from a stale source is worse than no description. The recent_change_or_sunset field records what the jurisdiction's own published material says about the program's current standing as of the checked date.
Go deeper with source-backed research
Explore methodology, datasets, and related matrices cited on this page.